Rice Husks

Weather: Snow was forecast for Wednesday, but, when I looked at the satellite image for the Southern Rockies, I knew it would not happen.  Moisture was flowing from the southwest along the far side of the Rockies and across the southeastern part of the state.  The logic is simple, no moisture flowing above, no precipitation coming down.

Apparently, a little did flow across the mountains or drift south.  It was not enough to show up on the satellite, but enough to turn to snow when the air temperature fell between 4: 30 am, when it was 16, and 5:30, when reports of bad roads began appearing on the New Mexico Roads website.  All I could see on the satellite later was dots of moisture appearing from nowhere.  Maybe 1/4" fell near the house while a bit more probably landed away.  Most was gone by noon on Thursday.  The mounds of snow remaining near the house and garage from January have turned to piles of solid ice.

While we did not get much snow, we did receive other gifts from the storm.  It was warm on Monday, when winds were high in Los Alamos.  It was bitterly cold Friday.  Our winds never reached the levels of Los Alamos or Santa Fé, but my phone was dead when I tried to use it on Thursday.  It still is, but that is because the local telephone company has yet to respond to my outage report.

The sun continues to get into my eyes sometime around 7:30 am.  This week the moon has been shining into my east-facing bedroom window when have I awaken around 3 or 4:30 in the morning.

Last snow: 2/14.  Week’s low: 8 degrees F.  Week’s high: 60 degrees F in the shade.  Winds were up to 48 mph in Santa Fé on Tuesday.


What’s green in the area: One-seeded junipers, and most cultivated evergreens; Japanese honeysuckle and all the cultivated yuccas.

What’s green in my yard:
Leaves on Apache plume, cliff rose, grape hyacinths, large-leaved soapwort, blue flax, and some bearded iris, hollyhocks, and sweet peas.  Some plants that grow in the north have begun to revive.  I found some new sprouts of Queen Anne’s lace buried in leaves.  More vinca leaves are green, although they may still be dormant.

What’s turned red in the area: New growth on trees in the rose family, especially apricots.

What’s turned red in my yard:
Leaves on some alfilerillo, coral bells and coral beard tongues; some stems on roses are pale green and some are maroon.  Saw some purple basal leaf clusters on golden spur columbine in an area where the snow melts sooner than other areas where it grows.

What’s turned yellow in the area: Branches on a big weeping willow.

What’s gray in my yard: Snow-in-summer.

Animal sightings: A large plump, or puffed up, robin landed on my fence Wednesday afternoon as temperatures had dropped to 39 from 46 and the sky had clouded over.  By then, snow was reported in the northwestern part of the state.

Tasks: When I take out the trash, I am finding more broken bits of Russian thistles and pigweed near my fence.  Either my neighbor, who shares the drive, runs over them or his tires deposit fragments.  Every piece left in the gravel is another potential tumble weed this coming summer.

I moved from trees of heaven to zinnias in my annual update of plant records.


Weekly update: Last week I mentioned organic, long-grain brown rice from my usual source in California no longer was available.  This week I found another problem with the house-brand substitute.

I cook lentils and rice together for about 45 minutes.  I set the pan on high heat for a minute until the water begins to boil, then turn the stove on low to steam it.  This makes the rice edible, but does not kill bacteria.

Several years ago, I had problems with pieces of stones in the lentils.  It was not constant, but they would appear in a bag every now and then.  The bits usually were white, suggesting they were quartz.  Once one has had to deal with potentially broken teeth, one begins to chew a bit more cautiously.  At any hint of resistance one does the uncouth thing: spits everything out.

In the past week or so the problem returned, only I could not find any bits of stone in the mush.  The worst thing I could think of was insect parts, which might or might not be harmful, but are unpleasant to ponder.

Finally, I identified the culprit on Tuesday.  Some rice grains still had their husks.  The grain has three important layers: the dark brown hull that protects the plant, the edible white center, and the tan inner layer of bran.  The white rice found in groceries has no bran or hull; the brown has the bran but not the hull.

Once alerted, I sifted through the rice before I added it to the lentils.  The yellow pieces in the above photograph of the rejects are parts of lentils.  The convex tan bits are bran, probably from the lentils.

The brown grain at the lower left is a grain of rice with its husk.  The full grain to the right looks like it still has part of the germ, which usually is removed because it causes spoilage.  The second row contains white grains of white rice mixed with some that are questionable.

The reason husks are removed is that they contain silicon dioxide.  Outside of the chemical lab, that usually appears in the environment as quartz.  It is more diffused in the plant, but certainly can harm the teeth if bitten carelessly.

I have eaten rice for years of all types: organic and not, brown and white, generic and brand name, short and long-grained rice, and even instant rice.  This is the first time I have encountered this problem.


Notes on photographs:
1.  New Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) seedlings, 26 February 2022.
2.  Green leaves on vinca (Vinca minor) plants, 26 February 2022.
3.  Bits of rice and lentils, 23 February 2022.

Dry Rice Crop

 

Weather: Snow from late January finally disappeared from most places in my yard by last Sunday.  The weather bureau forecast more snow starting Wednesday night.  We got a little early on Thursday morning that was gone by noon.  As one forecaster said earlier in the week:

“There are all the ingredients for a robust healthy winter event, except they all occur at different times from each other.” [1]

Usually the progression of the sun that dictates some of our weather is too subtle to observe.  This week it has been getting into my eyes in the house around 7:30 am.

Last snow: 2/17.  Week’s low: 14 degrees F.  Week’s high: 62 degrees F in the shade.  Winds were up to 38 mph in Santa Fé on Wednesday.

What’s green in the area: One-seeded junipers, and most cultivated evergreens; Japanese honeysuckle and all the cultivated yuccas.

What’s green in my yard: Leaves on Apache plume, cliff rose, grape hyacinths, large-leaved soapwort, blue flax, and some bearded iris, hollyhocks, and sweet peas.  Most of the green leaves are close to the ground, often under the protection of taller neighbors.  The most exposed leaves on shrubs tend to be fleshy.

What’s turned red in the area: New growth on trees in the rose family, especially apricots.

What’s turned red in my yard: Leaves on some alfilerillo, coral bells and coral beard tongues; some stems on roses are pale green and some are maroon.

What’s turned yellow in the area: Branches on a big weeping willow.

What’s gray in my yard: Snow-in-summer.

Animal sightings: I scarred up birds from shrubs when I was walking around Saturday.

Tasks: More people have cut down large trees.  I saw branches down along one road that rises from the river on Tuesday.

In my yard, I picked up broken pieces of pigweed and Russian thistle from outside the fence that were thoroughly wet.  The winds apparently took down another long branch on the globe willow. I moved from purple leaf plums to trees of heaven in my annual update of plant records.

First of the local ditch meetings was held last Sunday.


Weekly update: With climate change, perspective is everything.  One can say the area has been drying since the end of the Ice Age, since the 1950s, [2] or since 2021. [3]  All are true.  Individuals chose the date that fits their experience or expectations of reality.

When I am looking at the resilience of the prairie I know things have been changing for several decades in New Mexico.  When I cannot order organic brown rice because last fall’s crop has sold out, I am suddenly aware of what has been happening in California.

Rice disappeared from the grocery shelves when the first restrictions were announced for the Coronavirus in the spring of 2020.  I am not sure why people stocked up on pasta and rice, but they did.  The panic buying coincided with crop failures in Asia, so shortages were widespread.  My local store managed to obtain some in late summer, and I was able to return to organic brown rice when the crop was processed later in the year.

Since it has been available ever since, I was surprised when it did not appear on the website I usually use.

Of course, I had not read stories that said rice farmers in California were cutting back their production last spring by 20%.  One wonders how long it will take for the land to recover: one farmer said in September that the fields he left fallow had “dried out in the sun” [4].

The preference for a particular brand of organic rice is not just snobbery.  Not all rice is the same.  The seeds contain traces of organic arsenic, with brown rice have a bit more and balsamic a bit less. This usually is harmless. [5]

More dangerous forms of inorganic arsenic enter the plant through ground water in the South and in parts of Asia. [6]  I always assumed it was a consequence of the watering method since that heavy metal is buried deep.  From the water it sinks into the soil where it is absorbed by the grasses’ roots and, then, passed into  the seeds.

However, there is another source for rice from states along the Mississippi river where cotton was grown earlier.  Before the boll weevil, the cotton worm was a problem.  The moth finally was controlled in the 1870s when the USDA began recommending “the use of Paris green or other arsenical compounds” in the 1870s. [7]

The heavy metal does not go away, and still can contaminate rice grown decades later. [8] I would guess that the house-brand rice I was able to buy locally came from the South.

Those who live in urban areas and think every inconvenience, like the restrictions from the virus or the weather, is some passing phenomenon designed specifically to make them miserable have a more egocentric perspective than those of us who face the consequences of change every day.



Notes on photographs:
1.  Emerging leaves on Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), 19 February 2022.
2.  Leaves on one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), 19 February 2022.
3.  Leaves on cliff rose (Purshia mexicana), 19 February 2022.

End notes:
1.  Weather forecast for Albuquerque area, NOAA website, 14 February 2022 at 2:18 am by Guyer.

2.  Dan Scurlock.  From the Rio to the Sierra: An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin.  Fort Collins, Colorado: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998.  Chapter 2, especially 14, 19, and 30.

3.  Seth Borenstein.  “Western Megadrought Worsens To Driest In At Least 1,200 Years.”  Associated Press, 14 February 2022.

4.  Luke Leary.  “California Rice Harvest Impacted by Drought after Farmers Slashed Plantings 20%.”  Sacramento, California: KXTV television, ABC 10, 29 September 2021.

5.  Kayla McDonell.  “Brown vs White Rice - Which Is Better For Your Health?”  Health Line website, 31 August 2016.

6.  M. Azizur Rahman and H Hasegawa.  “High Levels of Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Areas Where Arsenic-contaminated Water Is Used for Irrigation and Cooking.”  Science of the Total Environment 409(22):4645–4655:15 October 2011.

Tom Murphy, Kongkea Phan, Emmanuel Yumvihoze, Kim Irvine, Ken Wilson, David Lean, Borey Ty, Alexander Poulain, Brian Laird, and Laurie Hing Man Chan.  “Groundwater Irrigation and Arsenic Speciation in Rice in Cambodia.”  Journal of Health and Pollution 8(19):180911:September 2018.

7.  W. D. Hunter.  The Cotton Worm or Cotton Caterpillar. (Alabama argillacea Hubn.)  Washington: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, 18 May 1912.  2.

8.  Matt Shipp.  “Rice Crop Timeline for the Southern States of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.”  United States Department of Agriculture, Southern Integrated Pest Management Center website.

Terracing

Weather: It snowed a week ago Thursday.  When I drove into town on Tuesday, it was if it had never happened.  More snow remained in my area, than farther north, but otherwise it was the same as before: gone from areas stripped of vegetation and remaining in shadows of north facing structures and trees.

One can see the house’s shadow in the photograph above, and the area under the large Siberian elm where snow remains.  It is gone from the scraped area, and lingers where natural vegetation has been cut, but not uprooted.  The leaves on the arborvitae, like most in the area, have browned.

Morning temperatures remained below 10 degrees F through Monday, then began to warm on Tuesday.  That happened to be the first day of the year when the sun shone into my eyes in the house in the morning.  In the yard, there was not enough heat to melt the snow.  Instead, the ground melted the cover immediately over it.  It refroze at night, but each day a little more sank into the soil.  Ice became a problem in walk ways.

On Wednesday, one could see the effects of nature’s natural warmth in the area north of my house.  More snow had melted in the dirt bed, than over the lifeless bricks used to terrace it.  Tall plants stuck out that never had been covered.


By Friday, one could see the effects of live matter.  Those taller plants had cleared the snow away from their stems.

After last week’s snow, moisture patterns changed in the Pacific ocean, and no moisture flowed our way.  With limited evaporation and no new water in the air, the moon was particularly bright.

Last snow: 2/3.  Week’s low: 5 degrees F.  Week’s high: 53 degrees F in the shade.  Winds were up to 30 mph in Santa Fé.

What’s green in the area: One-seeded junipers, and most cultivated evergreens; Japanese honeysuckles and all the cultivated yuccas.

What’s green in my yard: Leaves on Cliff rose, large-leaved soapwort, and some bearded iris and sweet peas.  One juniper was fragrant when I got near it Friday.  I have never noticed the smell before.  I do not know if it was emitting more oils into the air, or if the moisture in the winter air amplified it.  Leaves on blue flax are more blue than usual.

What’s turned red in the area: New growth on trees in the rose family, especially apricots, are redder than before.

What’s red in my yard: Some alfilerillo in the gravel driveway has green leaves with red edges; most of the coral bells have green leaves, but one group is more purple.  Some stems on roses are pale green and some are maroon.

What’s gray in my yard: Some new, tiny leaves amongst the dead ones in the clump of snow-in-summer.

Animal sightings: Rabbit tracks.

Tasks: When I walked around the yard on Friday, I found more large Russian thistle carcasses, which I threw back over the fence.  I moved from Siberian elms through purple leafed plums in my annual update of plant records.

Weekly update: Every so often I look at the local real estate listings.  It may sound like I am a compulsive voyeur, but it is the only way one can see what is growing behind houses, on roads that are too narrow to be safe to look, and along the river where no roads go.

One property showed repeated pictures of plowed ground, I suppose, to show how its texture and how it clumped.  It included photographs of strips of grass.  It was only when I read the description that I realized what I was seeing there and elsewhere in the area.  It advertised “one acre of terraced irrigated land” for sale.

Of course, I said to myself, terracing.  Flood irrigation depends of level land, and level means just that.  Even a slight change in elevation alters the way water flows.

I assumed vegetation belts were meant to mark boundaries between properties, which of course they do.  When they are within properties I assumed they created narrow strips for irrigation.  I just did not think about the need to define water lines by elevation, even though I have had to terrace my beds with bricks.

I pass the field in the photograph below, not the one for sale, every time I drive into town, and I know the person created three strips, but only floods one.  What I did not notice until I looked again is that the boundary, this time a short berm, also demarcated differences in elevation.

This picture happened to be taken in January several years ago, and the snow on the north side is the type that is persisting in the area.

Notes on photographs:
1.  Local yard, 6 February 2020.
2.  Garden bed on north side of house, 9 February 2020.
3.  Same garden bed, 11 February 2020.
4.  Local field, 13 January 2012.


Storm Event

 

Weather: It snowed last week.  This usually is followed by immediate melting that softens the top layer of the drive, but not the frozen ground beneath.  Since this is when the car digs deep ruts, I left it outside the gate last Wednesday after I came back from mailing payments for the first batch of bills.

The only real problem is taking out the trash.  Normally, I put 30-gallon bags in the back of the car and drive them the 100' feet to the gate and the other 150' feet to road.  We all do this.  The trash company trucks only serve the main road, and those who live on private roads have much longer stretches than I.  Some use this as an excuse to start up their rider mowers or ATVs.

Without the car, I looked over the trash on Monday and decided what absolutely had to go (paper plates and food containers) and what could wait (packing materials from Amazon).  Then, I put in as many empty bottles as I could carry easily as I navigated the snow covered 250'.  The box of Russian thistles remains for another week.

Unlike most snowfalls, the one from last week lingered.  Morning temperatures were below 10, but afternoon ones rose up to 49.  When I went into town on Tuesday to buy groceries, it remained on any north facing incline, no matter how slight, and in areas where buildings or trees cast shadows.  It was not that the shadows were there long, but apparently just long enough to keep the ground colder.

There actually was more snow in my area than in town.  The road I live on goes south into less good lands, and perhaps the different soil type was colder.  The lingering snow started about a 1.25 miles from my house.  In my yard, the only place that melted was on the east side of the house, where the grasses and narrow bed in front of the retaining wall both were covered.

That day the Weather Service was forecasting “the biggest winter storm event of the season” with very cold temperatures and 100% chance of snow. [1]  Unlike last week, this turned out to be accurate in the narrow sense, but not in the broader one.  We got the winds and cold, but not the moisture.  Maybe 3/4" fell early Wednesday morning, enough to qualify for 100%, but Los Alamos and Santa Fé had snow all day.  The winds were so strong, the rooms on the south side of the house were 65 F degrees, while the ones on the more sheltered north side were 74.

By late day, I could see moisture in the air, but nothing seemed to be sticking.  By evening I was not sure if snow was falling, or if the wind was moving already fallen snow.  In the night, the amount of snow near the house went from 1/4" to 2.5" in an uneven, drifting pattern.  In the morning, snow had recovered the area east of the house.

Then, the cold set in.  It was zero on Thursday and Friday mornings, and -1 F on Saturday.  More, the afternoon temperatures did not get above freezing.

Climates have ways of perpetuating themselves.  When temperatures remain cold, the air does not absorb melting snow.  Instead, it sinks into the ground.  Since there is no new moisture in the air, there are no clouds to trap heat in the night, and temperatures drop and refreeze the day’s melt at the boundary with the ground.  The gravel in the drive alternates between being hard and slightly springy to tread upon.

I did not get some bills that need to be paid by the fifth until Tuesday, so had to go into town again on Friday.  This time, snow was everywhere.  The lawns and scraped fields that were bare on Tuesday were smooth expanses of snow; the fields had grasses poking through.

By yesterday, the snow had melted from the grasses on the east side of the house where the plants continue low levels of photosynthesis in winter.  The areas under trees were more likely to have less snow than others.  But, on the east side, there was a line.  Snow remained in the bed

Last snow: 2/3.  Week’s low: -1 degrees F.  Week’s high: 49 degrees F in the shade.  Relative humidity has been reasonable with snow on the ground.  Winds were up to 32 mph in Santa Fé.

What’s green in the area: One-seeded junipers, and most cultivated evergreens; Japanese honeysuckles and all the cultivated yuccas.

What’s green in my yard: One-seeded juniper and cultivated yuccas; anything shorter is under snow.

Animal sightings: When I was walking along my fence with the trash on Monday, I saw the rabbit had come into the yard through the section of wire farm fence, and something else, probably the ground squirrel, had wandered around my neighbor’s truck.  He also had left his vehicle outside his gate.

During breaks in the snow at higher elevations, I saw some robins near the house late Wednesday afternoon.

When I was out Friday, the rabbit or rabbits had made two trips into the yard.  One entered under the gate, and the other under the wooden fence.  I did not see anymore tracks on Saturday.

Tasks: Confined to the house, I did some work on the annual records, but only got from columbines through Siberian elms.  I can only tolerate so much of this at a time.

Weekly update: Something seems to be attacking the cottonwoods and globe willows.  A couple years ago, in 2015, mine died back at the top.  I thought it had simply put down roots when it was wet, and now was retrenching.  The man I called to cut down the branches in 2020 said it was infected with borers, and showed me the holes where the woodpecker had gone after them.

He told me cultivars like my cottonless Siouxland were more vulnerable to insects than natives (Populus deltoides wislizeni).  In addition to cutting out all the damaged wood he could find, he sprayed the tree with an insecticide.  Two years ago, it put up some suckers.  This past summer, it abandoned more branches, but put outs lots of new growth lower to the ground.  It also sent up suckers everywhere.

The problem is not just mine.  Last summer, one man down the road cut down a large tree.  Again, it is hard to know if it is insects, drought, or both.

Cottonwoods are in the same family as globe willows (Salix matsudana umbraculifera).  Mine as become a nuisance because it always has dead branches, which drop in the wind.  In the past few weeks I noticed two people living closer to the river who had magnificent trees had cut them down.  Both were close enough to houses to cause problems if they, like mine, were beginning to molt.

The Douglass Spruce (Pseudotsuga menziesii) are all but gone, the victim of drought drying up water deep in the ground where their roots feed.  This winter someone cut the tree at a vacant house after it died.  I suspect the owners had died, and the heirs had not yet settled the estate.  Anyway, they not only cut down that tree, but every tree and large yucca in the yard, even though they were all surviving benign neglect.


Notes on photographs:
1.  East side taken 31 January 2022.
2.  Same area on 2 February 2022.
3.  Same area on 5 February 2022.

End notes:
1.  NOAA weather forecast for Los Alamos and Santa Fé areas, 30 January 2022.